Sultana
Well-known member
Жду не дождусь урока!!!!!!)))
Жду не дождусь урока!!!!!!)))
LokoFan444
Active member
Я тоже не против записаться на урок)) Еще бы в аглийский углубиться)
Charly
Well-known member
ムシムシテカニャジマツヒデ
randajad
Veteran
- Joined
- March 4, 2011
- Posts
- 8,064
PART ONE
Language I am speaking is serbian, but it is "bosnian" version.
Like Croatian, we have 30 letters, but we use 2 writing systems - Cyrillic & Latin.
Ćirilica is also called azbuka.
Аа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Дд, Ђђ, Ее, Жж, Зз, Ии, Јј, Кк, Лл, Љљ, Мм, Нн, Њњ, Оо, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Ћћ, Уу Фф, Хх, Цц, Чч, Џџ, Шш
Aa, Bb, Vv, Gg, Dd, Đđ, Ee, Žž, Zz, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Ljlj, Mm, Nn, Njnj, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Tt, Ćć, Uu, Ff, Hh, Cc, Čč, Šš
Pronounciation of letters is as same as it is in Croatian. We spell every word the same way we write them, and we write every word the way we are talking, with no exceptions. This rule was introduced by an important reformer of the Serbian language - Vuk Stefanović Karadžić. We say: "Piši kao što govoriš, čitaj kako je napisano" (Write as you speak and read as it is written).
And the important part of learning the language are ekavica and ijekavica. You see, there was the letter jat in the language before Vuk reformed it. That letter does not exist anymore, so the people from Serbia use ekavica - they just put letter e where jat was, and we, from Bosnia must think about it 'cause there is different replacement for jat - sometimes it is ije, sometimes je and sometimes e.
Example: We say mlijeko, but in Serbia it is mleko, meaning milk. We say tjerati, but in Serbia it is terati, meaning to force.
There are 10 groups of words: imenice (nouns), glagoli (verbs), pridjevi (adjectives), zamjenice (pronouns), brojevi (numbers), prilozi (adverbs), prijedlozi (prepositions), veznici (conjunction), uzvici (interjection) and rječce/rečce (grammatical particles).
Nouns have gender, number and case - rod, broj, padež.
3 genders - masculine, feminine, neutral
2 numbers - singular & plural
7 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumental, locative
Declension is very complicated, because you must know which noun is in which declension group.
Example: kuća - house (gender: feminine)
case - singular - plural
N kuća - kuće
G kuće - kuća
D kući - kućama
A kući - kuće
V kućo - kuće
I kućom - kućama
L kući - kućama
Verbs have "face", number, gender, tense or mood.
And we use: infinitiv (ending -ti,-ći), prezent, aorist, imperfekat, imperativ, glagolski prilozi prošli i sadašnji, glagolski pridjev trpni i radni, perfekat, pluskvamperfkat, futur I, futur II, potencijal.
And this is also complicated part. For you, the most important is present - prezent or sadašnje vrijeme.
biti - to be
singular / plural
1. sam / smo
2. si / ste
3. je / su
Endings for present are...
1. -m / -mo
2. -š / -te
3. -ø / -u , -ju, -e
example:
jesti - to eat
1. jedem / jedemo
2. jedeš / jedete
3. jede / jedu
I will finish this thing in future. I did not know our language is so complicated, almost annoying.
Language I am speaking is serbian, but it is "bosnian" version.
Like Croatian, we have 30 letters, but we use 2 writing systems - Cyrillic & Latin.Ćirilica is also called azbuka.
Аа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Дд, Ђђ, Ее, Жж, Зз, Ии, Јј, Кк, Лл, Љљ, Мм, Нн, Њњ, Оо, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Ћћ, Уу Фф, Хх, Цц, Чч, Џџ, Шш
Aa, Bb, Vv, Gg, Dd, Đđ, Ee, Žž, Zz, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Ljlj, Mm, Nn, Njnj, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Tt, Ćć, Uu, Ff, Hh, Cc, Čč, Šš
Pronounciation of letters is as same as it is in Croatian. We spell every word the same way we write them, and we write every word the way we are talking, with no exceptions. This rule was introduced by an important reformer of the Serbian language - Vuk Stefanović Karadžić. We say: "Piši kao što govoriš, čitaj kako je napisano" (Write as you speak and read as it is written).
And the important part of learning the language are ekavica and ijekavica. You see, there was the letter jat in the language before Vuk reformed it. That letter does not exist anymore, so the people from Serbia use ekavica - they just put letter e where jat was, and we, from Bosnia must think about it 'cause there is different replacement for jat - sometimes it is ije, sometimes je and sometimes e.
Example: We say mlijeko, but in Serbia it is mleko, meaning milk. We say tjerati, but in Serbia it is terati, meaning to force.
There are 10 groups of words: imenice (nouns), glagoli (verbs), pridjevi (adjectives), zamjenice (pronouns), brojevi (numbers), prilozi (adverbs), prijedlozi (prepositions), veznici (conjunction), uzvici (interjection) and rječce/rečce (grammatical particles).
Nouns have gender, number and case - rod, broj, padež.
3 genders - masculine, feminine, neutral
2 numbers - singular & plural
7 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumental, locative
Declension is very complicated, because you must know which noun is in which declension group.
Example: kuća - house (gender: feminine)
case - singular - plural
N kuća - kuće
G kuće - kuća
D kući - kućama
A kući - kuće
V kućo - kuće
I kućom - kućama
L kući - kućama
Verbs have "face", number, gender, tense or mood.
And we use: infinitiv (ending -ti,-ći), prezent, aorist, imperfekat, imperativ, glagolski prilozi prošli i sadašnji, glagolski pridjev trpni i radni, perfekat, pluskvamperfkat, futur I, futur II, potencijal.
And this is also complicated part. For you, the most important is present - prezent or sadašnje vrijeme.
biti - to be
singular / plural
1. sam / smo
2. si / ste
3. je / su
Endings for present are...
1. -m / -mo
2. -š / -te
3. -ø / -u , -ju, -e
example:
jesti - to eat
1. jedem / jedemo
2. jedeš / jedete
3. jede / jedu
I will finish this thing in future. I did not know our language is so complicated, almost annoying.
Sultana
Well-known member
ja jedem i hope i wrote it right
i hope i wrote it right
Sultana
Well-known member
randajad
Veteran
- Joined
- March 4, 2011
- Posts
- 8,064
You have a verb, for example padati (to fall). Then you leave the verb without the infinitive ending ti/ći, so pada- and than add the endings for present. So, I fall will be ja padam.yayayayyaaaayyy
amateur
Active member
I'm not here to teach you Turkish, but to ask a (tricky) question about it, so pay attention :
Here are some Turkish words and their English translations. The Turkish words are all formed by a stem and an ending (or suffix); for instance, ikbalsiz consists of ikbal- followed by -siz.
Pronunciation notes:
Questions:
So good luck!
Turkish, but to ask a (tricky) question about it, so pay attention :Here are some Turkish words and their English translations. The Turkish words are all formed by a stem and an ending (or suffix); for instance, ikbalsiz consists of ikbal- followed by -siz.
| ikbalsiz isimsiz sonsuz takatsiz sütsüz parasız | unsuccessful nameless endless lacking strength lacking milk cashless |
Pronunciation notes:
- e, i are like in pet, pit, with the lips spread.
- ö and ü are like e and i, but with the lips rounded.
- o and u are like pot and put, with the lips rounded.
- a and ı (NB: no dot) are like o and u, but with the lips spread.
Questions:
- Two of the above words are exceptions because they are loanwords from another language, and so don’t follow the same rules that the other words follow. Which two words are they?
- What rules determine how the vowels in these suffixes vary from word to word?
- Here are two more Turkish words: dil (language), kalıp (form, shape). How would you translate (a) mute (b) shapeless?
So good luck!
r3gg13
Well-known member
^^Vowel harmony 
Sultana
Well-known member
You have a verb, for example padati (to fall). Then you leave the verb without the infinitive ending ti/ći, so pada- and than add the endings for present. So, I fall will be ja padam.
we have the same word in Russian
infinitive - padat' падать
to fallrandajad
Veteran
- Joined
- March 4, 2011
- Posts
- 8,064
Actually, I've found many similar or same words like čudo, zima...we have the same word in Russian
infinitive - padat' падать
Sultana
Well-known member
Actually, I've found many similar or same words like čudo, zima...
ahaha yep
Slavic languages has some words with the same meaning and the same writing) The difference can be only the system Latin or Cyrillic
mykka
Member
- Joined
- May 19, 2013
- Posts
- 123
Portuguese:
Eu (I)
Tu (You)
Você (You formal)
Ele (He)
Ela (She)
Nós (We)
Vós (You plural)
Eles (They male or male + female)
Elas (They female)
Vós is mostly used in rural areas, while "vocês" is used in urban areas.
Verb conjugation:
Ser/Estar (To Be)
Eu sou / estou
Tu és / estás
Ele,Ela,Você é / está
Nós somos / estamos
Vós sois / estais
Eles,Elas,Vocês são / estão
TER (to have)
Eu tenho
Tu tens
Ele tem
Nós temos
Vós tendes
Eles têm
ACCENTS:
´ (open vowel) - marks stressed syllable
^ (mid open vowel) - marks stressed syllable
~ (nasal vowel)
`(crasis)
Pronunciation:
a (can be like cat or but)
e (can be like get, they, machine or rogue) the latter is more similar to french "e" sound, but not exactly
i and í (like bleed)
o (like god, saw, roof)
u and ú (like lagoon) in certain Azores islands the stressed u is like french "u"
à and á (like bad)
â (like dust)
é (like bread)
ê (like they)
ó (like shot)
ô (like caught)
ã and õ (are nasal vowels, think of french "un" and "on")
an,am,en,em,in,im,on,om,un,um (are nasal vowels if in the same syllable)
à marks crasis, merger of "a" with another vowel, so "a + aquele = àquele, this is obligatory to merge)
it can only happen with "a", although sometimes "o" in cases like "para + o = prò, informal and not obligatory to merge)
There are many dipthongs, but the main ones are:
ai (like hide)
ei (like say, but lower)
éi (like say, but stronger "é")
oi (like noise, sometimes like "ói")
ói (like Deutschland)
ui (like "oo" + "y")
au (like now)
eu (like "ê" + "w")
éu (like "é" + "w)
iu (like few)
ou (like snow)
ão (nasal a + w)
õe (nasal o + y)
CONSONANTS
b,f,k,m,n,p,q,t,v,w,y,z (same as english)
B (mostly like "b", although between vowels it has softer sound)
C (like "k" before a,o,u; like "s" before e and i)
D (like "d", but between vowels you will sometimes hear "th" as in "the")
G (like "g" before a,o,u; like "zh" before e and i, as in Asia)
H (silent always, unless if after c,l,n, where it forms a special sound)
J (like french "j")
L (like english "l", but at end of syllables its becomes velarized)
R (has 2 main sounds: single R is like letter or like spanish single "r" (parar), double R, initial R or R after "n" or "l" (rua, correr, enrolar, alredor) is like french "r" - but you can also hear it like spanish double "r" in some regions, and also like spanish "j" or german "ch" in some areas). Its a messy letter for sure
S (like english "S" at beginning (sapo) or after consonant (bolso), like "z" between vowels (mesa), like "sh" before voiced consonants (estrada, like "zh" before voiceless consonants (mesmo)
X (like "sh" at beginning and sometimes in middle of words (xaile) (mexer), like "ks" in the middle or end (táxi) (tórax), like "z" in the prefix "ex+vowel (exame), like "s" in some words also (próximo)) another messy letter with few rules
Z (like english "z" at beginning and middle (zebra) (dizer), like "sh" at the end (feliz)).
Sometimes the letter "C" and "P" can be silent (they opened the preceding vowel) - although they have recently been removed by the new orthography agreement, most portuguese people, including myself, still write the way they learnt. So baptismo is now batismo, correcção is now correção.
CH (like "sh) cheio - full
NH (like french "gn", sort of "ny" sound) lenha - wood
LH (like italian "gl", sort of "ly" sound) alho - garlic
Ç (like "s", only used before a,o,u) açúcar - sugar
RR (like french "r" or spanish "j", only between vowels) berrar - yell
SS (like "s", only between vowels) massa - pasta
all other possible digraphs produce no special sounds.
K,W,Y - used in foreign words that have been adopted into the language: kiwi; whisky; windsurf; kart; kartódromo; skate; skatar; sexy; yoga; show; look; ranking; marketing; vodka; stock; software; spray; derby; burka; viking; jukebox; poker; Kuwait; Kosovo; Kiev; Seychelles; Malawi; Lyon; Washington; etc...
Numbers:
0 - zero
1 - um
2 - dois
3 - três
4 - quatro
5 - cinco
6 - seis
7 - sete
8 - oito
9 - nove
10 - dez
11 - onze
12 - doze
13 - treze
14 - catorze
15 - quinze
16 - dezasseis
17 - dezassete
18 - dezoito
19 - dezanove
20 - vinte
30 - trinta
40 - quarenta
50 - cinquenta
60 - sessenta
70 - setenta
80 - oitenta
90 - noventa
100 - cem
200 - duzentos
300 - trezentos
400 - quatrocentos
500 - quinhentos
600 - seiscentos
700 - setecentos
800 - oitocentos
900 - novecentos
1000 - mil
1,000,000 - milhão
PLURAL
+s after vowel (mala - malas) bag(s)
+es after consonant (doutor - doutores) doctor(s)
if it ends in "m", change to "ns" (fim-fins) end(s)
if it ends in "al", change to "ais" (sal-sais) salt(s)
if it ends in "el", change to "éis" (anel-anéis) ring(s)
if it ends in "il", change to "is" (funil-funis) funnel(s)
if it ends in "ol", change to "óis" (sol-sóis) sun(s)
if it ends in "ul", change to "uis" (azul-azuis) blue(s)
^^all of these have several exceptions to the rule
if it ends in "ão", it can either change to "ões" (most common), "ãos" or "ães". No rule for this one. (melão-melões) melon(s); (cão-cães) dog(s); (mão-mãos) hand(s)
Some irregular plurals are some words ending in "s" or "x" that dont change.
The word "qualquer" (whichever) that has internal plural transformation into "quaisquer".
Plural is harder to teach in compound words like "guarda-chuva" (umbrella), in this case it becomes "guarda-chuvas"; "flor-de-lis" becomes "flores-de-lis".
Como te chamas? (What is your name?)
Chamo-me Pedro (My name is Pedro)
Onde moras? (Where do you live?)
Moro no Porto (I live in Oporto)
Quantos anos tens? (How old are you?)
Tenho 30 (I'm 30)
Curtes ver a Eurovisão? (Do you dig watching eurovision?)
É demais (It's great)
É fixe (It's cool)
Mais ou menos (more a less)
É uma seca (It's boring)
É uma porcaria (It sucks)
Eu amo (I love) Eurovisão
Eu adoro (I adore) Eurovisão
Eu gosto (I like) Eurovisão
Eu curto (I dig) Eurovisão
Eu não gosto (I dont like) Eurovisão
Eu detesto (I hate) Eurovisão
Eu odeio (I loathe) Eurovisão
Eu amo-te (I love you)
Eu não te amo (I dont love you)
Ver a eurovisão é (Watching eurovision is....):
Excitante (exciting)
Stressante (stressful)
Chato (boring)
Irritante (annoying)
Fixe (cool)
Espectacular (amazing)
Hope you enjoyed my small lesson
Eu (I)
Tu (You)
Você (You formal)
Ele (He)
Ela (She)
Nós (We)
Vós (You plural)
Eles (They male or male + female)
Elas (They female)
Vós is mostly used in rural areas, while "vocês" is used in urban areas.
Verb conjugation:
Ser/Estar (To Be)
Eu sou / estou
Tu és / estás
Ele,Ela,Você é / está
Nós somos / estamos
Vós sois / estais
Eles,Elas,Vocês são / estão
TER (to have)
Eu tenho
Tu tens
Ele tem
Nós temos
Vós tendes
Eles têm
ACCENTS:
´ (open vowel) - marks stressed syllable
^ (mid open vowel) - marks stressed syllable
~ (nasal vowel)
`(crasis)
Pronunciation:
a (can be like cat or but)
e (can be like get, they, machine or rogue) the latter is more similar to french "e" sound, but not exactly
i and í (like bleed)
o (like god, saw, roof)
u and ú (like lagoon) in certain Azores islands the stressed u is like french "u"
à and á (like bad)
â (like dust)
é (like bread)
ê (like they)
ó (like shot)
ô (like caught)
ã and õ (are nasal vowels, think of french "un" and "on")
an,am,en,em,in,im,on,om,un,um (are nasal vowels if in the same syllable)
à marks crasis, merger of "a" with another vowel, so "a + aquele = àquele, this is obligatory to merge)
it can only happen with "a", although sometimes "o" in cases like "para + o = prò, informal and not obligatory to merge)
There are many dipthongs, but the main ones are:
ai (like hide)
ei (like say, but lower)
éi (like say, but stronger "é")
oi (like noise, sometimes like "ói")
ói (like Deutschland)
ui (like "oo" + "y")
au (like now)
eu (like "ê" + "w")
éu (like "é" + "w)
iu (like few)
ou (like snow)
ão (nasal a + w)
õe (nasal o + y)
CONSONANTS
b,f,k,m,n,p,q,t,v,w,y,z (same as english)
B (mostly like "b", although between vowels it has softer sound)
C (like "k" before a,o,u; like "s" before e and i)
D (like "d", but between vowels you will sometimes hear "th" as in "the")
G (like "g" before a,o,u; like "zh" before e and i, as in Asia)
H (silent always, unless if after c,l,n, where it forms a special sound)
J (like french "j")
L (like english "l", but at end of syllables its becomes velarized)
R (has 2 main sounds: single R is like letter or like spanish single "r" (parar), double R, initial R or R after "n" or "l" (rua, correr, enrolar, alredor) is like french "r" - but you can also hear it like spanish double "r" in some regions, and also like spanish "j" or german "ch" in some areas). Its a messy letter for sure
S (like english "S" at beginning (sapo) or after consonant (bolso), like "z" between vowels (mesa), like "sh" before voiced consonants (estrada, like "zh" before voiceless consonants (mesmo)
X (like "sh" at beginning and sometimes in middle of words (xaile) (mexer), like "ks" in the middle or end (táxi) (tórax), like "z" in the prefix "ex+vowel (exame), like "s" in some words also (próximo)) another messy letter with few rules
Z (like english "z" at beginning and middle (zebra) (dizer), like "sh" at the end (feliz)).
Sometimes the letter "C" and "P" can be silent (they opened the preceding vowel) - although they have recently been removed by the new orthography agreement, most portuguese people, including myself, still write the way they learnt. So baptismo is now batismo, correcção is now correção.
CH (like "sh) cheio - full
NH (like french "gn", sort of "ny" sound) lenha - wood
LH (like italian "gl", sort of "ly" sound) alho - garlic
Ç (like "s", only used before a,o,u) açúcar - sugar
RR (like french "r" or spanish "j", only between vowels) berrar - yell
SS (like "s", only between vowels) massa - pasta
all other possible digraphs produce no special sounds.
K,W,Y - used in foreign words that have been adopted into the language: kiwi; whisky; windsurf; kart; kartódromo; skate; skatar; sexy; yoga; show; look; ranking; marketing; vodka; stock; software; spray; derby; burka; viking; jukebox; poker; Kuwait; Kosovo; Kiev; Seychelles; Malawi; Lyon; Washington; etc...
Numbers:
0 - zero
1 - um
2 - dois
3 - três
4 - quatro
5 - cinco
6 - seis
7 - sete
8 - oito
9 - nove
10 - dez
11 - onze
12 - doze
13 - treze
14 - catorze
15 - quinze
16 - dezasseis
17 - dezassete
18 - dezoito
19 - dezanove
20 - vinte
30 - trinta
40 - quarenta
50 - cinquenta
60 - sessenta
70 - setenta
80 - oitenta
90 - noventa
100 - cem
200 - duzentos
300 - trezentos
400 - quatrocentos
500 - quinhentos
600 - seiscentos
700 - setecentos
800 - oitocentos
900 - novecentos
1000 - mil
1,000,000 - milhão
PLURAL
+s after vowel (mala - malas) bag(s)
+es after consonant (doutor - doutores) doctor(s)
if it ends in "m", change to "ns" (fim-fins) end(s)
if it ends in "al", change to "ais" (sal-sais) salt(s)
if it ends in "el", change to "éis" (anel-anéis) ring(s)
if it ends in "il", change to "is" (funil-funis) funnel(s)
if it ends in "ol", change to "óis" (sol-sóis) sun(s)
if it ends in "ul", change to "uis" (azul-azuis) blue(s)
^^all of these have several exceptions to the rule
if it ends in "ão", it can either change to "ões" (most common), "ãos" or "ães". No rule for this one. (melão-melões) melon(s); (cão-cães) dog(s); (mão-mãos) hand(s)
Some irregular plurals are some words ending in "s" or "x" that dont change.
The word "qualquer" (whichever) that has internal plural transformation into "quaisquer".
Plural is harder to teach in compound words like "guarda-chuva" (umbrella), in this case it becomes "guarda-chuvas"; "flor-de-lis"
becomes "flores-de-lis".Como te chamas? (What is your name?)
Chamo-me Pedro (My name is Pedro)
Onde moras? (Where do you live?)
Moro no Porto (I live in Oporto)
Quantos anos tens? (How old are you?)
Tenho 30 (I'm 30)
Curtes ver a Eurovisão? (Do you dig watching eurovision?)
É demais (It's great)
É fixe (It's cool)
Mais ou menos (more a less)
É uma seca (It's boring)
É uma porcaria (It sucks)
Eu amo (I love) Eurovisão
Eu adoro (I adore) Eurovisão
Eu gosto (I like) Eurovisão
Eu curto (I dig) Eurovisão
Eu não gosto (I dont like) Eurovisão
Eu detesto (I hate) Eurovisão
Eu odeio (I loathe) Eurovisão
Eu amo-te (I love you)
Eu não te amo (I dont love you)
Ver a eurovisão é (Watching eurovision is....):
Excitante (exciting)
Stressante (stressful)
Chato (boring)
Irritante (annoying)
Fixe (cool)
Espectacular (amazing)
Hope you enjoyed my small lesson
Ελληνικά (Greek)
Σ' αγαπώ (I love you)
Σε μισώ (I hate you)
Ενοχλητικός (annoying)
Βαρετός (boring)
Συναρπαστικός (exciting)
Υπέροχος (great)
Θαυμάζω (I adore)
Ποιό είναι το όνομά σου; (what is your name?)
Ποιά είναι η ηλικία σου; (what is your age?)
Ζω στην Ελλάδα (I live in Greece)
Αριθμός (number)
Σ' αγαπώ (I love you)
Σε μισώ (I hate you)
Ενοχλητικός (annoying)
Βαρετός (boring)
Συναρπαστικός (exciting)
Υπέροχος (great)
Θαυμάζω (I adore)
Ποιό είναι το όνομά σου; (what is your name?)
Ποιά είναι η ηλικία σου; (what is your age?)
Ζω στην Ελλάδα (I live in Greece)
Αριθμός (number)
Nicholas123
Well-known member
"i admire" maybe? 
ParadiseES
Well-known member
I want to learn a little more 
ClassifiedCat
Well-known member
Irish (Gaeilge)1 - a haon
2 - a do
3 - a tri
4 - a ceathair
5 - a cuig
6 - a se
7 - a seacht
8 - a hocht
9 - a naoi
10 - a deich
20 - Fiche
30 - Trucha
40 - Droichead
50 - Caoga
60 - Seasca
70 - Seocto
80 - Ochto
90 - Noca
100 - Cead
Sorry for no fadas and spelling mistakes
Some countries
Ireland - Eire
England - Sasana
United Kingdom - An Riocht Aonthaite
Some animals
Dog - Madra
Cat - Cat
Cow - Bo
Chicken - Cearc
Pig - Muc
Some food
Sausages - Ispini
Cake - Caca
Chocolate - Seaclaide
Chips - Scealloga
Fish - Iasc
justjazzy
Member
Do any Russian/ Slavic languages speakers out there have any tips for learning Cyrillic cursive? I'm studying Russian at school, and my professor insists that we learn cursive. But to me, all the letters look the same! Especially the cursive forms of:
Т И Л Щ Ш Ц М
Т И Л Щ Ш Ц М